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Blastomyces dermatitidis
''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' is the causal agent of blastomycosis, an invasive and often serious fungal infection found occasionally in humans and other animals in regions where the fungus is endemic.〔 The causal organism is a fungus living in soil and wet, decaying wood, often in an area close to a waterway such as a lake, river or stream.〔 Indoor growth may also occur, for example, in accumulated debris in damp sheds or shacks. The fungus is endemic to parts of eastern North America, particularly boreal northern Ontario, southeastern Manitoba, Quebec south of the St. Lawrence River, parts of the U.S. Appalachian mountains and interconnected eastern mountain chains, the west bank of Lake Michigan, the state of Wisconsin, and the entire Mississippi Valley including the valleys of some major tributaries such as the Ohio River. In addition, it occurs rarely in Africa both north and south of the Sahara Desert, as well as in the Arabian Peninsula and the Indian subcontinent. Though it has never been directly observed growing in nature, it is thought to grow there as a cottony white mold, similar to the growth seen in artificial culture at . In an infected human or animal, however, it converts in growth form and becomes a large-celled budding yeast.〔 Blastomycosis is generally readily treatable with systemic antifungal drugs once it is correctly diagnosed; however, delayed diagnosis is very common except in highly endemic areas.
==Morphology and phylogeny==
''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' is the causal agent of blastomycosis, a potentially very serious disease that typically begins with a characteristically subtle pneumonia-like infection that may progress, after 1–6 months, to a disseminated phase that causes lesions to form in capillary beds throughout the body, most notably the skin, internal organs, central nervous system and bone marrow. ''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' is the name applied to the ascomycetous fungus, ''Ajellomyces dermatitidis''. In 2013, a second species was described in the genus ''Blastomyces'', ''B. gilchristii'', which subsumes certain strains previously assigned to ''B. dermatitidis''.〔 Despite widespread use, the genus ''Blastomyces'' is currently invalid under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.〔 Along with two other important human-pathogenic fungi, ''Histoplasma capsulatum'', ''Paracoccidioides brasiliensis'' and ''Polytolypa hystricis'', species of ''Blastomyces'' belong to a recently recognized fungal family, the Ajellomycetaceae.〔 The three principal pathogens in this family are all grouped physiologically as “dimorphic fungi”: fungi that switch from a mold-like (filamentous) growth form in the natural habitat to a yeast-like growth form in the warm-blooded animal host. ''Blastomyces dermatitidis'' itself is a sexual organism, occurring in nature as both a + mating type and a − mating type. This is epidemiologically important for two reasons: firstly, it implies that the organism will be genetically variable, potentially leading to variations in disease severity, treatment response and habitat preference; secondly, it implies that a suitable, stable habitat must exist for the complex process of sexual reproduction to take place. This habitat is as yet unknown. In its asexual form, the fungus grows as a typical colonial microfungus, comparable to ''Penicillium'' or ''Rhizopus ''mold forms commonly seen on mouldy bread.
In nature, the fungus forms a network of thread-like mycelium that penetrates the substratum on which it grows, and then after 3–5 days of growth begins to reproduce asexually with small (2–10 µm) conidia (asexual spores). These conidia are probably the main infectious particles produced by the fungus. They form on individual short stalks and readily become airborne when the colony is disturbed; their size places them well within the respirable size range for particles,〔 meaning that they can deposit deeply in the lungs when inhaled. Sexual reproduction by the fungus requires the meeting of colonies of + and – mating type, probably a relatively rare event, and results in the production of small ascomata (sexual fruiting bodies) 200–350 µm, looking, to the naked eye, similar to a woollen fuzz ball, and in microscopic view consisting of a layer of spiralling, springy guard hairs surrounding a fertile core in which groups of 8 ascospores (sexual spores) are produced in small round reproductive sacs (asci). The ascospores, at 1.5–2.0 µm, are among the smallest reproductive particles produced by fungi, and are within the respirable size range.〔 The budding yeast cells seen in infected tissues and bodily fluids are generally relatively large (ca. 8–15 µm) and characteristically bud through a broad base or neck, making them highly recognizable to the pathologist. A small (“nanic”) form is rarely seen with cells under 6 µm.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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